Ancient genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate

The following supplementary material is available online for this article at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12938/suppinfo: Fig. S1. geographical location of individual and Records Empress Wude. S2. Proportion C > T G A substitutions in human DNA across fragments the Ashina individual. red curve represented that increased 5′-end blue 3′-end, as expected authentic ancient DNA. S3. Detailed principal component analysis (PCA) 1667 Eurasian exhibited west–east cline north–south Eastern cline. fell within present-day Eurasians along PC2, clustered with modern Tungusic Mongolic speakers, populations Northeast Asia eastern Mongolia Plateau, especially previously referred to “Ancient Asian” (ANA) are genetically homogeneous hunter-gatherers from (“Baikal_EN”, 5200–4200 BCE, “Mongolia_N”, 6000–4400 “AR_EN”, 5500–5300 “DevilsCave_N”, 5700 BCE) post-Iron Age East Steppe nomadic people including Xianbei, Rouran, Khitan part Mongols. S4. ADMIXTURE results selected K = 2–6. A, Cross-validation (CV) errors based on 1240 data set. B, CV HO C, 2–6 After pruning linkage disequilibrium, number SNPs included was 871 858, were HGDP. D, Turkic 279 737. analyses base set both revealed two summarized ancestries Ashina: one related West ancestry, dominating associated ANA southern ancestry. also presented genetic discrepancy among Ashina, earlyMed_Turk CentralSteppe_Turk heterogeneity Turkic-speaking populations. S5. Close relationship between geographically different individuals Türkic Khaganate. We top 60 outgroup-f3 signal each group Horizontal bars represent point estimate ±3 standard error. showed close affinity than Eurasians, northern Eurasian. who sampled Plateau Rouran.The harbored similar Eurasians. S6. f Statistics forms f4 (X, Mbuti; pre-Iron Asian populations) (pre-Iron populations, X) test whether make contribution formation Ashina. Darker orange squares sharing |Z-score | 6. Blue show 3 < <6. Gray indicate significantly less same threshold. formed a clade together Neolithic Amuer River, DevilsCave, Baikal Lake (Russia_Shamanka_Eneolithic). In addition, population Bronze SlabGrave Ulaanzukh culture Plateauwho harbors further provided evidence ancestry hunter-gathers dedicated gene pool reflected positive exception Sino-Tibetan S7. (West Eurasian, Eurasian) detected influx flowed into basing A–L, Iron Age, Anatolian Iranian farmers, (EHG), ANE (MA1, Ancient North European) Botai Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) Central Asia. reported without flow previous studies. Different shapes Z-scores f4. influenced by eastward migration pastoralists BMAC attested migrated Inner Mountains Corridor Tianshan Mongolian (f4 0). Anatolia EHG Botai-related might be mediated BMAC, respectively. S8. divergency Khaganate f4(X, earlyMed_Turk/CentralSteppe_Turk) showing earlyMed_Turk/CentralSteppe_Turk more allele earlyMed_Turk. CentralSteppe_Turk. S9. Iron-Age A–C, form Kazakhstan_Kanju/Kazakhstan_Wusun/Kyrgzstan_TianshanHun) all diverse profile Siberian (WSHG). contrast, shared Z-score. S10. Xiongnu periods. Jeong et al. ( 2020) split early subgroups, earlyXiongnu_west (SKT010, SKT001, SKT003, SKT009, SKT008, AST001) earlyXiongnu_rest (JAG001, SKT002, SKT004, SKT005, SKT006, SKT012), their modeling results. earlyXiongnu_rest/earlyXiongnu_west) Xiongnu. earlyXiongnu_west, (no significant Z-score). While did not exist C–E, lateXiongnu/lateXiongnu_han/lateXiongnu_sarmatian) difference harboring relationships Asina late Xiongnu: Asians (non-significant Z-score when X populations), lateXiongnu_han possessed semblable Z-score, except AR_EN), contrasted lateXiongnu_sarmatian (significantly negative populations). S11. contemporary Xianbei Rouran. result AR_Xianbei_IA/Mongolia_Xianbei/Rouran) homogeneity Rouran Z score). S12. after Khanate. (A–C) lateMed_Khitan/lateMed_Mongol/Russia_Heishui_Mohe_early_Medieval) demonstrated Mongol empire; Heshui_Mohe had similarity while Mongols empir period differentiation S13. historically collapse A–E, Kimak/KaraKhanid/Uigur/Karluk/Kipchak) indicated high later Kimak, KaraKhanid, Uigur, Karluk Kipchak evident Eurasians), indicating prominent pastoralists, Asian. S14. Medieval period. Kazakhstan_His/Kazakhstan_GoldenHordeAsian/CentralSteppe_Medieval_Nomad) Kazakhstan_GoldenHordeAsian which them. However, Kazakhstan_His CentralSteppe_Medieval_Nomad closer S15. Genetic Heatmap P-value pairwise qpWave Central/East pastoralists. “++” values greater 0.05, “+” <0.05 >0.01. Computations outgroup (Mbuti.DG + Onge.DG Russia_MA1_HG.SG Russia_Kostenki14.SG Iran_GanjDareh_N Kazakhstan_Eneolithic_Botai.SG Russia_Sintashta_MLBA.SG AR19K Mongolia_N_North+UpperMid_YR_LN). S16. Altaic-speaking conducted Tungusic/Mongolic/Turkic) investigate Altaic found speakers additional millet farmers Yellow River or some groups (negative By extremely disparate Yakut, Dolgan, Tuvinian Salar extent performed (Mbuti, Ashina; Tungusic/Mongolic, Turkic) provide robust supporting rather have (Z -3). “-”represented −6 −3; “--” −6; 6; >6. Tungusic, Mongolic) alleles Eavek_FastEast. S17. diffusion language. languages. language Ashina/earlyMed_Turk/earlyXiongnu/lateXiongnu/earlyMed_Uigur (P 0.01), Uzbek clades existed other combination, combination Kimak Tatar_Siberian, Uyghur, Karakalpak, Nogai_Astrakhan, Nogai_Stavropol Uzbek, lateXiongnu Karakalpak 0.05). >0.05, Anatolia_N CHG S18. potential ancestral source population. Pop, determine suited explain chosen representative Chuanyun (the Southern Asian), YR_LN (millet River), Russia_Sintashta_MLBA Botai. Pop Turkic-speakers. observed approximate where tended approach zero. Supplementary Document. Section 1 Site Sample Description Xiaoling Mausoleum. 2 Material Methods. Data Analyses Characterization Individual. Please note: publisher responsible content functionality any information supplied authors. Any queries (other missing content) should directed corresponding author article.